Special features of ?? T cells in ruminants

Ruminant ?? T cells were discovered in the mid-1980?s shortly after a novel cell receptor (TCR) gene from murine was described 1984 and TCR? locus 1985. It possible to identify populations early ruminants because they represent large proportion of peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMC). This null population, cells, designated as such by its non-reactivity with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against ovine bovine CD4, CD8 surface immunoglobulin (Ig). are non-conventional known innate-like capable using both TCR well other types systems including pattern recognition receptors (PRR) natural killer (NKR). Bovine have been shown respond stimulation through toll-like receptors, NOD, NKG2D cytokines alone, protein non-protein antigens their TCR, pathogen-infected host cells. The two main distinguished presence or absence hybrid co-receptor/PRR WC1 T19. These not only differ proportional representation various tissues organs but also migration into inflamed tissues. WC1+ found blood, skin spleen while WC1? predominate gut, mammary gland uterus. In ruminants, may produce IFN?, IL-17, IL-10 TGF?, cytotoxic activity memory responses. expression particular family members controls response pathogens correlates differences cytokine comparison families cattle, sheep goats is discussed relative multigenic arrays that differentiate function humans mice.